Gold IRA Tax Rules: 2023 Guidelines

Are You Seeking Investment Advice About Optimizing Retirement Funds? Consider opening a gold IRA to protect against market volatility and inflation By investing in precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum and palladium you could potentially protect yourself against market fluctuations and inflation while diversifying your portfolio using these assets.

When it comes to Gold IRA tax laws it’s essential that investors understand there are specific guidelines set by the IRS regarding tax filing rules regarding this investment account. For instance: For any transaction performed using precious metal IRA assets it must meet those guidelines set by them tax rules regarding tax filing rules withholding requirements on investments made using any asset listed above and any investments must comply with those of tax rules regarding those types of investments allowed such as precious metal.

Gold IRA accounts are an increasingly popular investment option for those looking to diversify their retirement portfolio with the addition of assets like gold. However, it’s important to understand the specific rules, regulations, and potential risks surrounding gold IRAs to avoid any potential tax consequences and fully grasp the advantages they offer.

The IRS considers gold IRAs to be self-directed IRAs, meaning investors have more control over their investments, including the ability to hold alternative assets like gold bullion and precious metal coins, and even paper assets such as mutual funds, but also more responsibility for following the rules. Gold IRAs are subject to the same contribution limits and distribution rules as traditional IRAs, allowing investors to take distributions when needed.

One of the key benefits of a gold IRA account is that income tax is not due on contributions made to the account. However, taxes may be due on distributions taken from the account, in accordance with IRS rules. Additionally, it is important to seek investment advice when considering other IRAs, especially when investing in bullion.

gold ira tax rules of the IRS

To ensure compliance with IRS rules and regulations surrounding gold IRA accounts, as well as other IRAs, it’s important to work with a reputable custodian who specializes in these types of investments. Custodians can help investors navigate complex tax laws and ensure that they are following all necessary guidelines, including eligibility requirements, making them a valuable asset in the management of your gold IRA funds and other precious metal assets such as bullion.

Understanding Contribution Limits for Traditional, Roth, and SEP Gold IRAs

There are several types of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) available. Among them are traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, and Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) IRAs. Each type of IRA has its own contribution limits that are adjusted annually based on inflation. In this section, we will discuss the contribution limits for each type of IRA and what you need to know about contributing to a gold IRA.

Traditional Retirement Account Contribution Limits

For 2021, it is important to seek investment advice when considering contributing to traditional IRAs. The contribution limit for individuals under 50 years old is $6,000, while those over 50 can contribute up to $7,000. It’s important to note that individuals with both a traditional IRA and a gold IRA should be aware of their tax rate. Additionally, when investing in precious metal assets such as a gold IRA, it is crucial to consider the annual contribution limit. This means that if you contribute $4,000 to your traditional IRA in 2021, you can only contribute up to $2,000 to your gold IRA in the same year. Furthermore, individuals should keep in mind that they may need to pay income tax on their contributions.

Additionally, it’s important to note that contributions made to a traditional IRA, which is a popular investment advice, may be tax-deductible depending on your income level and whether or not you participate in an employer-sponsored retirement plan. However, withdrawals from a traditional IRA in retirement will be subject to income tax. It is also worth considering the option to purchase gold as it can provide potential returns.

Roth Retirement Account Contribution Limits

IRS explaining tax rules and regulations

Unlike traditional IRAs where contributions may be tax-deductible but withdrawals are taxed as income in retirement, Roth IRAs offer tax-free withdrawals in retirement but do not offer any tax deductions for contributions made during your working years.

For 2021, the contribution limit for Roth IRAs is also $6,000 for individuals under 50 years old and $7,000 for those over 50. However, unlike with traditional IRAs where contributions may be limited based on income levels and participation in employer-sponsored plans such as 401(k)s or pensions, Roth IRA contributions are not limited by income. Additionally, the tax rate for Roth IRAs remains the same. Furthermore, you can add gold to your Roth IRA as an investment option. It’s important to note that only approved gold can be added to your account.

SEP Retirement Account Contribution Limits

SEP IRAs are designed for self-employed individuals or small business owners and offer higher contribution limits than traditional or Roth IRAs. For 2021, the contribution limit for SEP IRAs is the lesser of 25% of your net earnings from self-employment or $58,000.

It’s important to note that if you have both a SEP IRA and a gold IRA, your total contributions to both accounts cannot exceed the annual limit. Additionally, contributions made to a SEP IRA may be tax-deductible as a business expense.

Contributing to a Gold IRA

A gold IRA is simply an individual retirement account that allows you to invest in physical gold or other precious metals such as silver or platinum, including popular options like the American Gold Eagle or silver coins. While there are no specific contribution limits for gold IRAs, the IRS does require that all contributions made to an IRA account be made in cash. This means that you cannot contribute actual physical gold or other precious metals directly into your gold IRA, but rather use cash to invest in assets like the stock market and metals.

However, once you have contributed cash into your gold IRA account, you can use those funds to purchase physical gold or other precious metals through an approved custodian. It’s important to note that any gains on these investments will be subject to capital gains tax when sold. Understanding the tax treatment of your investments can help you better plan your management strategy.

In addition to being able to invest in physical gold and other precious metals, investing in a gold IRA can also provide diversification benefits for your overall investment portfolio. This is because the value of physical gold and other precious metals tends to move independently of traditional stocks and bonds.

Pros and Cons of Gold IRAs: Don’t Contribute More Than You’re Able To

Diversification is key as they allow investors to add physical gold to their portfolio, including a traditional retirement account. However, there are pros and cons to investing in a gold IRA that should be carefully considered before making any contributions.

One of the main benefits of a gold IRA is the potential for diversification. By adding physical gold to your portfolio, you can help protect against inflation and market volatility. Unlike stocks or bonds, which can fluctuate based on economic conditions, gold has historically maintained its value over time.

However, it’s important to note that contribution limits for IRAs are set by the IRS. Exceeding these limits can result in fees and taxes on the excess amount contributed. It’s crucial for IRA owners to take a balanced approach and not contribute more than they’re able to.

Additionally, IRA companies may charge additional fees for investing in gold. These fees can add up over time and increase the overall cost of owning a gold IRA. It’s important for investors to carefully consider these costs before making any contributions.

While gains from gold investments can be taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income, it’s important for IRA owners to understand the tax implications involved with owning a gold IRA. It’s also important for investors to remember that while diversification is important, it shouldn’t come at the expense of other financial goals or obligations.

In order to take advantage of the benefits offered by a gold IRA while minimizing potential drawbacks, it’s important for investors to take a long-term approach. Gold IRAs can be an effective investment strategy for securing your financial future, but they require careful consideration and planning.

When considering whether or not to invest in a gold IRA, it’s crucial to weigh the potential benefits against the costs and limits involved. While diversification is key, it’s important to remember that there are limits to how much you can contribute to an IRA each year.

Ultimately, the decision to invest in a gold IRA should be based on your individual financial goals and circumstances. By taking a balanced approach and carefully considering all of the pros and cons involved, you can make an informed decision that will help secure your financial future for years to come.

Choosing IRA-Eligible Gold and Storing It in an IRS-Approved Depository

Certain Types of Gold are Eligible for IRA Investment

Investing in gold is a popular way to diversify retirement savings in a tax-deferred manner, allowing your investment to grow both federally and at the state level. However, not all types of gold are eligible for IRA investment. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has strict eligibility requirements for precious metals that can be held in an IRA account. Certain gold coins and bars produced by approved refiners are eligible for investment, making them also ideal for purchases.

American Eagle Coins

One of the most popular gold coins eligible for IRA investment is the American Eagle coin. These coins were first introduced in 1986 and are minted by the United States Mint. The American Eagle coin contains one troy ounce of gold and has a face value of $50.

Canadian Maple Leaf Coins

Another type of gold coin that is eligible for IRA investment is the Canadian Maple Leaf coin. These coins were first introduced in 1979 and are minted by the Royal Canadian Mint. The Canadian Maple Leaf coin contains one troy ounce of gold and has a face value of $50 CAD.

Approved Refiner Bars

In addition to coins, certain types of gold bars produced by approved refiners are also eligible for IRA investment. Approved refiners must meet specific quality standards set forth by the IRS to ensure their products meet purity requirements.

Storing IRA-Eligible Gold in an IRS-Approved Depository

Once you have chosen your IRA-eligible gold, it must be stored in an IRS-approved depository to comply with IRS regulations. An approved depository ensures the security and proper storage of precious metals held within retirement accounts.

Safe Deposit Boxes Not Allowed

It’s important to note that storing your IRA-eligible gold in a safe deposit box is not allowed as it does not meet IRS storage requirements for retirement accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in penalties or disqualification of your retirement account, affecting required minimum distributions and ability to take distributions.

Penalties or Disqualification

The penalties associated with non-compliance can be severe. If your IRA-eligible gold is not stored in an approved depository, the IRS may consider the distribution of your precious metal as a taxable event. This could result in additional taxes and penalties.

Proper Storage

To ensure proper storage of your IRA-eligible gold, it’s important to choose an approved depository that meets IRS requirements. These depositories must be independent and insured, providing secure storage for precious metals held within retirement accounts.

IRA Trustee

It’s also important to work with an IRA trustee who has experience in holding precious metals within retirement accounts. They can help you navigate the rules and regulations surrounding IRA-eligible gold investments and ensure compliance with IRS guidelines.

Exploring the Different Types of Gold Investments for Your IRA

Gold IRAs are a great way to diversify your retirement portfolio and protect against inflation. Investing in gold can be a reliable investment vehicle for long-term growth and stability in your retirement portfolio. However, there are various forms of gold investments that you should consider.

Gold Bars

One popular form of gold investment is buying gold bars for precious metals IRA. Gold bars come in different sizes and weights, ranging from one gram to 400 ounces. The price of a gold bar for IRA investments depends on its weight and purity level. When investing in gold bars for precious metals IRA, it’s important to purchase them from reputable dealers who provide certificates of authenticity.

Gold Coins

Another popular form of gold investment is buying gold coins. Gold coins, often considered collectibles, are minted by government authorities such as the US Mint or the Royal Canadian Mint. They come in various sizes and denominations, with some coins having historical significance that can add value over time. To purchase these coins, you can typically make a bank transfer to the selling institution. If you are an IRA owner, you may also consider including gold coins in your precious metals IRA as part of your IRA investments.

Bullion

Bullion refers to precious metals such as silver, platinum, and palladium that are traded based on their intrinsic value rather than their face value. Investing in bullion can be an effective way to diversify your portfolio beyond just investing in gold and other collectibles such as coins.

Other IRAs

While Gold IRAs are specifically designed for investing in physical precious metals like gold and silver, other types of IRAs such as traditional IRAs can also invest in other forms of gold investments such as mining stocks or mutual funds that specialize in precious metals. Both types of IRAs might involve a transfer of assets from an existing financial institution.

Traditional IRA Investments

Traditional IRA investors have the option to invest up to 100% of their assets into stocks or mutual funds that specialize in mining companies or other precious metal-related industries. This type of investment allows investors to indirectly invest in the price movements of precious metals without having to physically own any bullion or coins.

Investment Advice

When making investment decisions regarding your retirement portfolio, it’s important to consider the current gold prices and seek investment advice from a trusted financial advisor. A financial advisor can help you determine the best allocation of your assets based on your risk tolerance, investment objectives, overall financial situation, and precious metals IRA.

Gold Prices

The price of gold, as well as other precious metals, can fluctuate greatly over time due to various economic factors such as inflation, interest rates, and geopolitical events. It’s important to keep an eye on the current gold prices when making investment decisions regarding your retirement portfolio, especially if you have a precious metals IRA.

Investment Vehicle

Investing in gold, as well as other precious metals, can be a reliable investment vehicle for long-term growth and stability in your retirement portfolio, especially when considering a precious metals IRA. However, it’s important to remember that investing always carries some level of risk. Therefore, it’s crucial to do your own research and seek professional advice before making any investment decisions.

Finding a Broker or Custodian for Your Gold IRA

Look for a Reputable Gold IRA Custodian or Company

Finding a reputable custodian or company is crucial. A gold IRA custodian is responsible for holding and safeguarding your physical gold assets, while a gold IRA company specializes in precious metals investments. It’s essential to choose a trustworthy custodian or company that has experience in handling precious metals investments and offers secure transfer options between institutions.

Research and Compare Fees, Storage Options, and Customer Reviews of Different Gold IRA Companies

Before making any investment decisions, it’s important to research and compare fees, storage options, and customer reviews of different gold IRA companies. Most gold IRA companies charge an annual fee that covers the cost of storing your physical assets securely. Some companies offer multiple storage options such as segregated storage or allocated storage. Segregated storage means that your assets are stored separately from other investors’ assets, while allocated storage means that your assets are assigned specific bars or coins.

Customer reviews can provide valuable insights into the quality of service provided by a particular gold IRA company. Look for reviews from previous customers who have had positive experiences with the company’s customer service, overall investment performance, and gold IRA custodian.

Consider Seeking Advice from a Financial Advisor Who Can Provide Guidance on Selecting a Trustworthy Custodian or Company for Your Gold IRA

If you’re unsure about which custodian or company to choose for your gold IRA, consider seeking advice from a financial advisor who can provide guidance on selecting a trustworthy custodian or company. A financial advisor can help you navigate through the complex world of precious metals investments and recommend reputable companies based on their track record.

Ensure That the Chosen Custodian or Company Is an IRS-Approved IRA Custodian

It’s crucial to ensure that the chosen custodian or company is an IRS-approved IRA custodian. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regulates all individual retirement accounts (IRAs), including gold IRAs. An approved custodian must meet certain requirements and adhere to strict regulations set by the IRS.

Understanding the Taxation of Gold IRAs and Withdrawal Rules

Withdrawal Rules for Gold IRAs

Gold IRAs are an excellent way to diversify your investment portfolio and protect your retirement savings from market volatility. However, it’s essential to understand the taxation of Gold IRAs and withdrawal rules before investing in them. In this section, we’ll discuss the taxation of Gold IRAs and withdrawal rules that every investor should know.

Taxation of Gold IRAs

Gold IRAs are subject to the same taxation rules as traditional IRAs. This means that any withdrawals made before the age of 59 ½ are subject to an early withdrawal penalty of 10%. In addition to the early withdrawal penalty, any amount withdrawn from a Gold IRA is also subject to income taxes at the individual’s ordinary tax rate.

It’s important to note that Gold IRAs are also subject to a potential excise tax, which is a tax on certain types of transactions. However, this tax only applies if the IRA owner takes possession of the gold and doesn’t return it to an approved depository within a specified time frame.

Withdrawal Rules for Gold IRAs

To avoid any unnecessary penalties or taxes, it’s crucial for Gold IRA owners to understand the withdrawal rules. The IRS allows investors with traditional and Roth IRA accounts to start withdrawing funds without penalty when they reach age 59 ½. For those who withdraw funds earlier than this age limit, they will be subjected to early withdrawal penalties.

However, there are some exceptions where investors with a precious metals IRA can withdraw their funds without having to pay early withdrawal penalties. These include the gold IRA tax rules, which are governed by the IRS. It is important to choose a reputable gold IRA company and custodian to ensure compliance with these rules.

  1. Disability: If you become disabled before reaching age 59 ½ years old and need access to your retirement funds in your gold IRA account due to financial hardship caused by disability.
  2. Death: If you pass away before reaching age 59 ½ years old, then your beneficiaries can withdraw money from your gold IRA account without paying any penalties.
  3. First-time home purchase: If you’re a first-time homebuyer, you can withdraw up to $10,000 from your IRA account without paying any penalties.
  4. Higher education expenses: If you need money to pay for higher education expenses for yourself or your dependents, you can withdraw funds from your gold IRA account without paying any penalties.

Consulting with a Financial Advisor

It’s always best to consult with a financial advisor before making any withdrawals from your Gold IRA. A financial advisor can help you understand the tax implications of withdrawing funds and provide guidance on how to minimize taxes and penalties.

How to Hold Physical Gold in an IRA and Buy Gold in an IRA

Setting Up a Self-Directed IRA to Purchase Physical Gold

To purchase physical gold in an IRA, you must first set up a self-directed IRA with a custodian that allows for alternative assets. A self-directed IRA is an individual retirement account that gives you more control over your investment choices. Unlike traditional IRAs, which limit your investments to stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, self-directed IRAs allow you to invest in alternative assets such as real estate, private equity, and precious metals.

When setting up a self-directed IRA for the purpose of purchasing physical gold, it’s important to choose a custodian that specializes in alternative assets. Not all custodians allow for the purchase of physical gold or other precious metals in an IRA. Some may only allow for the purchase of gold ETFs or other paper-based investments.

Once your account is set up with a custodian that allows for alternative assets such as physical gold, you can add gold to your IRA by purchasing it through a reputable dealer and having it stored in an approved depository. It’s important to do your research when choosing a dealer and depository.

Choosing a Reputable Dealer

When purchasing physical gold for your IRA, it’s essential to choose a reputable dealer who has experience working with self-directed IRAs. Look for dealers who have been in business for several years and have good reviews from previous customers.

It’s also important to ensure that the dealer offers IRS-approved coins or bars. The IRS has strict guidelines on what types of gold are allowed in an IRA. For example, American Eagle coins are allowed but South African Krugerrands are not.

Choosing an Approved Depository

After purchasing physical gold for your IRA, it must be stored in an approved depository. The IRS requires all precious metals held in an IRA to be stored by an approved depository.

Approved gold IRA companies depositories must meet certain requirements set forth by the IRS regarding gold IRA tax rules, security, and insurance. It’s important to choose a gold IRA company that is insured and has a good track record of keeping precious metals safe.

Understanding Gold IRA Tax Rules

It’s important to understand the tax rules surrounding gold in an IRA, including the prohibited transaction rules and the potential tax implications of selling or withdrawing your gold holdings.

Prohibited Transactions

The IRS prohibits certain transactions between an IRA and its owner, known as “prohibited transactions.” Prohibited transactions include using IRA funds for personal gain, such as buying a vacation home or investing in a business owned by the account holder.

Prohibited transactions can occur when the gold is not stored properly or when it is used for personal gain. For example, if you take possession of the gold yourself instead of having it stored in an approved depository, this would be considered a prohibited transaction.

Tax Implications

When you sell or withdraw physical gold from your IRA, there may be tax implications. If you sell your gold at a profit before age 59 1/2, you may be subject to a 10% early withdrawal penalty in addition to regular income taxes on the profits.

If you hold onto your gold until after age 59 1/2 and then sell it at a profit, you will only owe regular income taxes on the profits. However, if you withdraw physical gold from your IRA instead of selling it, there may be additional tax implications.

The Ins and Outs of a Gold IRA Rollover and Using a Self-Directed IRA for Precious Metals Investment

A precious metals IRA is a type of individual retirement account that allows investors to hold physical precious metals as part of their investment portfolio. This type of investment provides a hedge against inflation and market volatility, making it an attractive option for many investors. However, investing in precious metals through an IRA requires careful consideration and understanding of the rules and regulations surrounding this type of investment.

One way to invest in precious metals through an IRA is by using a self-directed IRA. With a self-directed IRA, investors have greater control over their investments, including the ability to invest in precious metal assets such as gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. This allows investors to diversify their portfolio beyond traditional stocks and bonds.

Another option for investing in precious metals through an IRA is with a Roth IRA. Unlike traditional IRAs, contributions to Roth IRAs are made with after-tax dollars and withdrawals are tax-free. Roth IRAs also allow for precious metals investment, making them another viable option for those looking to add physical precious metals to their retirement portfolio.

When investing in precious metal coins or other types of physical precious metals through an IRA, it’s important to understand the role of a custodian. A custodian is responsible for holding the assets within the account and ensuring that all transactions comply with IRS regulations. It’s essential to choose a reputable custodian who has experience working with precious metal investments.

In addition to understanding the role of a custodian, it’s also important to be aware of the rules surrounding taking required minimum distributions (RMDs). RMDs are mandatory withdrawals that must be taken from traditional IRAs once you reach age 72 (or 70 ½ if you turned 70 ½ before January 1st, 2020). Failure to take RMDs can result in significant penalties from the IRS.

Former United States Mint Director Ed Moy advises investors looking to invest in physical precious metals through an IRA account to turn to reputable dealers and avoid those who push investors in the opposite direction. It’s essential to do your research and choose a dealer with a solid reputation for honesty and transparency.

Investing in precious metals through an IRA can be an effective way to diversify your investment portfolio and provide a hedge against inflation and market volatility. However, it’s important to understand the rules and regulations surrounding this type of investment, as well as the role of a custodian and the importance of choosing a reputable dealer.

Key Takeaways for Gold IRA Tax Rules

In conclusion, understanding the tax rules for gold IRAs is crucial to maximizing your tax benefits and avoiding unnecessary taxes. capital gains are a key factor in determining how much you will pay in taxes. Short-term capital gains are taxed at your regular income tax rate, while long-term capital gains are taxed at a lower rate.

It’s important to remember that when you withdraw funds from your gold IRA, you will need to pay taxes on the amount withdrawn as if it were ordinary income. However, there are specific rules regarding withdrawals from gold IRAs that can help you avoid paying unnecessary taxes.

One of the most important things to keep in mind is that contributions made to traditional gold IRAs are tax-deductible up to a certain limit. This means that you can reduce your taxable income by contributing to a traditional gold IRA and potentially save thousands of dollars in taxes each year.

Another key takeaway is that choosing IRA-eligible gold and storing it in an IRS-approved depository is essential for maintaining the tax benefits of your investment. Additionally, finding a reputable broker or custodian who specializes in gold IRAs can help ensure that your investment remains compliant with IRS regulations.

There are specific rules and guidelines that must be followed when working with a knowledgeable gold IRA company professional who can guide you through these processes and ensure that your investment remains compliant with IRS regulations. It’s important to work with reputable gold IRA companies to keep your ira gold investment in line with IRS guidelines.

Finally, if you’re considering a gold IRA rollover or using a self-directed IRA for precious metals investment, it’s important to understand the ins and outs of these options before making any decisions. Working with an experienced professional who specializes in these areas can help ensure that you make informed decisions about your investments.

The bottom line is that understanding the tax rules for gold IRAs is essential for maximizing your returns and minimizing your tax liability. By following the specific rules and guidelines set forth by the IRS, you can ensure that your investment remains compliant and that you’re able to keep more of your hard-earned money in your pocket.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What is a Gold IRA?
    • A Gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) is a type of self-directed retirement account that allows you to invest in physical gold, as well as other precious metals. It operates similarly to a conventional IRA but instead of holding paper assets, it holds physical bullion coins or bars.
  2. Are Gold IRAs taxed?
    • Yes, Gold IRAs are subject to the same tax rules as traditional IRAs. This means contributions are made with pre-tax dollars, and withdrawals in retirement are taxed as regular income. However, the specific tax rate depends on your income tax bracket in the year of withdrawal.
  3. When are Gold IRAs taxed?
    • Taxes on Gold IRAs occur upon withdrawal, similar to a traditional IRA. The amount of tax you’ll pay depends on your income tax rate at the time of withdrawal.
  4. Are there penalties for early withdrawal from a Gold IRA?
    • Yes, withdrawing funds from a Gold IRA before the age of 59.5 can result in a 10% early withdrawal penalty in addition to regular income taxes. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule, such as using the funds for a first-time home purchase or certain medical expenses.
  5. How does a Gold IRA rollover work?
    • A Gold IRA rollover involves moving funds from a traditional or Roth IRA or a 401(k) to a Gold IRA. This process is typically tax-free as long as it is completed within 60 days.
  6. Can I hold gold in a traditional IRA?
    • No, traditional IRAs do not allow for the inclusion of physical gold or other precious metals. However, certain gold-related investments, like ETFs and mutual funds, can be included.
  7. What types of gold can be included in a Gold IRA?
    • Gold that is 99.5% pure can be included in a Gold IRA. This typically includes certain bullion coins and bars approved by the IRS, such as American Gold Eagle coins and certain gold bullion bars.
  8. Can I take physical possession of gold in my Gold IRA?
    • No, IRS rules mandate that the gold in a Gold IRA must be stored in an IRS-approved depository. You can take distribution of the gold when you reach the age of 59.5, but this would be considered a withdrawal and taxed accordingly.
  9. How are distributions from a Gold IRA taxed?
    • Distributions from a Gold IRA are taxed as regular income, similar to distributions from a traditional IRA. The tax rate is based on your income tax bracket in the year of withdrawal.
  10. Can I contribute gold I already own to a Gold IRA?
    No, the IRS does not allow individuals to contribute gold they already own to a Gold IRA. All gold and other precious metals must be purchased through the IRA.